Research Dossier on Epithalon

(Bioregulator Peptide)

Classification & Molecular Identity

Amino-acid sequence, molecular weight, structural motifs

Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the canonical sequence:

Ala–Glu–Asp–Gly (AEDG)

• Empirical formula: C₁₄H₂₂N₄O₉ (free peptide)

• Relative molecular mass: ~390.35 g·mol⁻¹ (free peptide; salt forms differ slightly)

• Physicochemical features: a short, highly polar peptide with two acidic residues (Glu, Asp) flanked by small nonpolar/polar residues (Ala, Gly). The net negative charge at physiological pH and the very short chain lengthsupport aqueous solubility; passive membrane diffusion is unlikely, so biological activity in vivo is presumed to rely on carrier-mediated transport and/or paracrine-like local actions demonstrated in specific models. Review articles uniformly describe Epithalon as AEDG and attribute its origin to work with pineal extracts. PubMed+1

Discovery history (lab, year, species)

Epithalon was designed after the pineal peptide complex “Epithalamin” (a standardized porcine pineal extract) had been reported to influence aging phenotypes in several animal models. Chemists synthesized the minimal amino-acid motif AEDG to emulate certain activities of the extract. The synthetic tetrapeptide appears in the biomedical literature from the 1990s onward and is most closely associated with the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology and collaborators (Khavinson, Anisimov, Vinogradova, et al.). Foundational studies examined telomerase regulation and telomere dynamics in human fibroblasts, lifespan and tumorigenesis in rodents, and melatonin secretion/circadian outputs in primates. PubMed+2PubMed+2

Endogenous vs synthetic origin

• Synthetic: Epithalon is fully synthetic (AEDG tetrapeptide).

• Relation to endogenous material: It was modeled on peptide components of epithalamin, a pineal extract. The tetrapeptide itself is not known to be an endogenous gene product, and no dedicated precursor gene or unique receptor has been validated for Epithalon. (See Mechanisms and Limitations.) PubMed

Homologs, analogs, derivatives

• Epithalamin: porcine pineal peptide complex (heterogeneous mixture) reported to affect melatonin rhythms and survival endpoints in multiple species. PubMed+1

• Other pineal peptides: e.g., short “bioregulatory” sequences derived from pineal fractions; a related literature examines antioxidant and melatonin-related effects. ScienceDirect

• Functional neighbors: Compounds aimed at telomerase or telomere biology and circadian modulation (e.g., melatonin in aging primates), but Epithalon’s profile is distinct. PubMed

Historical Development & Research Trajectory

Key milestones in discovery and study

• 1990s: Pineal extracts (epithalamin) reported to extend lifespan and modulate melatonin in rodents and flies; early human physiology observations in older adults. PubMed

• 2000–2004: Synthetic Epithalon reported to increase lifespan in Drosophila and to induce telomerase activity/lengthen telomeres in human somatic cells (fibroblasts); in culture, Epithalon-treated fibroblasts surpassed the Hayflick limit by ~10 passages. PubMed+2PubMed+2

• 2001–2005: In rhesus monkeys and elderly humans, pineal peptides (epithalamin or Epithalon) reported to normalize night melatonin and certain glucose/insulin readouts in aged animals (small studies). PubMed+2PubMed+2

• 2007: Female rat study under altered illumination regimes reported lifespan and tumorigenesis effects with AEDG (Epithalon). PubMed

• 2010s–2020s: Ongoing preclinical work addresses antioxidant properties, EMT/wound-healing phenotypes in cell lines, and multiple aging-related endpoints; recent in-vitro studies revisit telomere regulation with broader methodology. ScienceDirect+2SpringerLink+2

Paradigm shifts and controversies

1. From pineal extracts to defined minimal tetrapeptide. The field moved from heterogeneous epithalamin extracts to a single defined sequence (AEDG) to enable mechanistic studies.

2. Telomere biology claims. Early reports of telomerase induction/telomere elongation in normal human fibroblasts generated substantial interest; however, most definitive early studies come from one main research network, and independent replications have been limited, prompting caution. PubMed+1

3. Circadian-metabolic axis. A parallel line explored melatonin rhythms and glucose/insulin dynamics in aged primates, suggesting Epithalon/epithalamin may interact with pineal and metabolic pathways—again with small cohorts and variable designs. PubMed+1

Evolution of scientific interest

Interest has oscillated with new in vitro findings (e.g., telomere/telomerase, chromatin changes) and aging phenotypes in animals, plus renewed attention in comprehensive reviews (2025) that collate older Russian-language literature and recent studies. Independent, large-scale, modern clinical development has not followed, leaving translation uncertain. MDPI

Mechanisms of Action

Primary and secondary interactions

• Defined receptor: Not established. No unique GPCR, ion channel, or enzyme target is universally validated for Epithalon in vivo. Mechanistic claims derive from cellular assays (telomerase gene expression/activity, chromatin architecture near centromeres, antioxidant signalling) and physiological outputs (pineal hormone rhythms). PubMed+2PubMed+2

• Telomerase/telomere: In human fibroblasts, Epithalon was reported to up-regulate hTERT expression, increase telomerase activity, and lengthen telomeres; in one study, treated cells extended proliferative capacity by ~10 population doublings beyond controls (in vitro). Evidence remains strongest in cultured fibroblasts and certain epithelial contexts (including new 2025 data in multiple cell lines), with human in vivo confirmation Not established. PubMed+2PubMed+2

• Chromatin architecture: Epithalon decondensed pericentromeric heterochromatin in cultured lymphocytes from older donors—consistent with epigenetic/chromatin remodeling activity. PubMed

• Pineal/circadian modulation: In aged rhesus monkeys, Epithalon increased night melatonin and reportedly normalized certain cortisol rhythms; in elderly humans, the pineal extract epithalamin modulated nocturnal melatonin levels in subjects with initially low output. Mechanistic intermediates likely involve pineal function rather than a single “Epithalon receptor.” PubMed+1

• Antioxidant/anti-EMT signaling: Cell and animal literature attributes antioxidant properties and anti-EMT(epithelial-mesenchymal transition) effects to Epithalon under stressors such as hyperglycemia. Causal targets are incompletely defined. ScienceDirect+1

Intracellular signaling pathways

• Telomerase axis: Reports cite hTERT mRNA up-regulation and increased telomerase activity; proposed upstream events include changes in chromatin accessibility and transcriptional regulation. Direct, canonical receptor-to-kinase linkage is not established. PubMed

• Clock/metabolic coupling: Pineal and hypothalamic effects—e.g., melatonin rhythms and glucose/insulinreadouts in aged primates—suggest neuroendocrine modulation rather than a single cell-autonomous cascade. Specific neural circuits/receptors remain unclear. PubMed

CNS vs peripheral effects

• CNS/pineal: Evidence implicates pineal function (melatonin rhythms) in primates and elderly humans exposed to pineal peptides. Whether Epithalon itself crosses the BBB efficiently and acts centrally is Not established; functional readouts support indirect pineal modulation. PubMed+1

• Peripheral: Fibroblast/epithelial cell culture responses (telomere, chromatin) and antioxidant effects point to peripheral cellular actions.

Hormonal, metabolic, immune interactions

• Melatonin: Age-related melatonin decline in primates is well documented; Epithalon/epithalamin studies reported increased nocturnal melatonin in older primates or modulation in elderly humans with low baseline output. Replication independent of the originating groups is limited. PubMed+2PubMed+2

• Glucose/insulin (aged primates): Aged rhesus monkeys display impaired glucose disappearance/insulin peaks vs young; Epithalon administration in old monkeys decreased basal glucose and insulin and increased night melatonin (small study; mechanistic basis not resolved). PubMed

• Redox/immune: Antioxidant capacity and redox signaling modulation have been reported for epithalamin and Epithalon in preclinical contexts. ScienceDirect

Evidence grading (A–C)

• A (replicated in multiple preclinical papers): In vitro telomerase/telomere modulation in human fibroblasts, lifespan effects in short-lived models (flies), and melatonin rhythm modulation in primate/elder cohorts (though the last relies largely on a single research network). PubMed+3PubMed+3PubMed+3

• B (limited/heterogeneous): Rodent lifespan/tumor studies with AEDG under special lighting (female rats), antioxidant and anti-EMT cellular data; reproducibility and effect-size precision across labs limited. PubMed+2ScienceDirect+2

• C (hypothesis/contested): Durable, generalizable anti-aging efficacy in mammals via telomerase activation; direct receptor identification for Epithalon; head-to-head, independently replicated clinical benefits in humans. (Currently Not established / Conflicting evidence.) Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation

Pharmacokinetics & Stability

ADME profile

• Absorption: As a tetrapeptide, Epithalon is expected to be rapidly absorbed after parenteral administration; oral bioavailability is conjecturally low due to peptidases—rigorous human PK data are Not established.

• Distribution: Short peptides generally distribute within extracellular water; BBB transfer for AEDG is not well characterized. Given pineal/clock outcomes, indirect neuroendocrine mechanisms (rather than direct brain penetration) are plausible but Unproven.

• Metabolism: Likely proteolytic cleavage to constituent amino acids and small fragments; specific enzyme mapping in vivo is Not established.

• Excretion: Expected renal elimination of peptides/aa; formal balance studies Not established.

Plasma half-life & degradation pathways

Human PK half-life for AEDG has not been robustly reported; short peptide kinetics (minutes to low hours) are typical for tetrapeptides without half-life extension chemistry. Functional effects observed in studies often outlast putative plasma residence, consistent with downstream signaling (e.g., telomere gene regulation, pineal rhythm changes) rather than persistent exposure. (Not established quantitatively.)

Stability in vitro & in vivo

• In vitro: AEDG is chemically simple and soluble; routine peptide handling applies.

• In vivo: Rapid proteolysis is likely; however, measurable biological effects have been reported under experimental conditions. Stability in biological matrices (human plasma) is Not established.

Storage/reconstitution considerations

Peer-reviewed references do not provide standardized, product-agnostic reconstitution or shelf-life guidance for research vials; default to general peptide best practices (lyophilizate, dryness, cold, protection from light). Validated stability curves: Not established.

Preclinical Evidence

Cell and animal studies (selected, by domain)

Telomere/telomerase & chromatin biology

• Human fibroblasts: Epithalon up-regulated hTERT, increased telomerase activity, and lengthened telomeres; treated normal fetal fibroblasts reportedly exceeded the Hayflick limit by ~10 passages compared with controls (in vitro). (Investigational concentrations in study Khavinson 2003/2004.) PubMed+1

• Heterochromatin: In cultured lymphocytes from older donors, Epithalon decondensed pericentromeric heterochromatin, implying epigenetic remodeling capacity (in vitro). PubMed

• Recent cross-cell-type work: 2025 investigations across tumor and normal cell lines again reported telomere lengthening associated with telomerase up-regulation or ALT activation, though oncologic contexts complicate interpretation. (New data; cell lines; not a substitute for human in vivo evidence.) PubMed

Longevity & tumorigenesis models

• Drosophila melanogaster: Epithalon increased lifespan in flies, at effective concentrations far below those of melatonin used as a comparator; mechanism proposed to involve antioxidant/regulatory effects. (Investigational concentrations used in study Khavinson 2000.) PubMed

• Rodents: In female rats under constant or northern natural illumination, AEDG influenced mean/maximum lifespan trajectories and spontaneous tumor dynamics relative to standard lighting conditions. (Investigational dosing paradigms used in study Vinogradova 2007.) Results are model-specific and replication across laboratories remains limited. PubMed

• Epithalamin vs Epithalon: Multiple species studies reported lifespan and mortality effects of epithalamin(extract) in mice/rats/flies; findings with Epithalon overlap but are less extensive across labs. PubMed

Pineal/circadian/endo-metabolic readouts

• Aged rhesus monkeys: Epithalon administration increased night melatonin, normalized circadian cortisol, and lowered basal glucose/insulin in old monkeys relative to aged controls (small cohorts). (Investigational dosing used in studies Goncharova 2001, 2005.) PubMed+1

• Elderly humans (epithalamin): In subjects with low baseline pineal output, nocturnal melatonin increased after epithalamin (investigational course used in study Korkushko 2004); effects were modulatory (upward in low producers, slight downward in normal producers). PubMed

Antioxidant/EMT & wound-healing models

• Oxidative stress: Pineal peptides (Epithalon/epithalamin) exhibit antioxidant properties in cellular and animal systems, in some cases exceeding reference compounds; pathways likely involve redox enzyme systems and transcriptional control. ScienceDirect

• ARPE-19 (hyperglycemia injury): In vitro work (2025) reported improved epithelial wound healing and suppressed EMT/fibrosis markers after Epithalon exposure under high-glucose conditions (cell line model). SpringerLink

Dose ranges tested (investigational; illustrative)

• Human fibroblasts (in vitro): micromolar-range exposure commonly reported in telomere/telomerase assays (investigational concentrations used in studies 2003/2004). PubMed+1

• Rhesus monkeys: Epithalon was administered parenterally in primate studies; abstracts report endocrine/metric outputs but not always the exact mg·kg⁻¹ schema. (Investigational regimen used in study Goncharova 2001/2005.) PubMed+1

• Rodents & flies: Species-specific AEDG or epithalamin regimens are used across lighting paradigms and life-course designs; details vary and are reported in the primary papers. (Investigational dosing used in studies Anisimov 1992/1998; Vinogradova 2007; Khavinson 2000.) PubMed+2PubMed+2

Comparative efficacy/safety (preclinical)

• Efficacy: Across cell and animal models, endpoints have included telomere state, lifespan curves, tumor latencies, melatonin rhythms, and redox markers—with positive signals reported in many studies from a limited number of groups.

• Safety: No systematic GLP toxicology packages were identified for AEDG. Study-level reports generally did not flag major toxicities at investigational exposures, but standardized repeat-dose, geno-/carcinogenicity, and reproductive tox datasets are Not established.

Limitations

• Model diversity and small Ns. Many experiments use small cohorts and specialized conditions (e.g., illumination regimes).

• Independence. A high proportion of positive findings derive from the same research network; independent replication is limited. Third-party reviews highlight this as a central caveat. Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation

Human Clinical Evidence

Summary stance: No large, modern Phase II/III randomized programs of Epithalon registered in major databases were identified as of September 26, 2025. Human-adjacent evidence mainly concerns epithalamin(pineal extract) in elderly cohorts and small physiology series.

Observational and interventional reports (illustrative)

• Elderly humans—melatonin modulation (epithalamin): A controlled study in healthy elderly adults reported that epithalamin modulated the circadian melatonin profile—increasing nocturnal melatonin in those with low baseline production and slightly decreasing it in normal producers (investigational course used in Korkushko 2004). Mechanism likely at the pineal level; whether Epithalon reproduces this in humans is Not established. PubMed

• Longer-term gerontology cohorts (epithalamin): Publications claim reduced mortality and improved functional aging measures with multi-year follow-up in elderly subjects receiving periodic epithalamin, sometimes in combination with other interventions. These reports are non-contemporary by current RCT standards and largely from the same research group; independent replication is lacking. (Investigational courses used in studies summarized across Anisimov/Korkushko.) PubMed+1

• Direct Epithalon trials: Peer-reviewed, modern RCTs specifically testing Epithalon in humans with clinical endpoints are not found in indexed registries/literature. Recent human-adjacent materials (case reports, non-controlled designs) exist but do not substitute for registered trials. Conclusion: Efficacy and safety in humans remain Not established. (See ADDF review for critical appraisal.) Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation

Investigational doses (humans)

• Epithalamin studies describe course-based administration in elderly cohorts; exact dosing schedules vary and are detailed in the original reports. For Epithalon, no standardized human dosing is supported by registered clinical trials. (Any amounts quoted in legacy or non-peer sources should be treated as Not established for clinical translation.)

Safety signals/adverse events

• Old-era epithalamin studies generally reported good tolerability, but modern pharmacovigilance practices (prospective AE capture, adjudication, long-term tox) were not uniformly applied. For Epithalon, robust human safety data are Not established.

ClinicalTrials.gov IDs

• A search for “Epithalon/Epitalon/AEDG” does not return active, late-phase interventional trials with publicly available results as of the date above. (Older Soviet-era/Eastern European work predates registries.) Conclusion:No Phase II/III Epithalon RCTs located.

Comparative Context

Related peptides

• Epithalamin (pineal extract): Multiple animal and small human studies; heterogeneous composition complicates mechanism attribution. PubMed

• Clock/aging modulators: Melatonin (well-characterized circadian hormone with age-dependent decline in primates), dietary caloric restriction effects on melatonin in primates, and various geroprotective candidates (e.g., metformin, rapalogs) with stronger human evidence bases. PubMed+2PubMed+2

Advantages / disadvantages (research perspective)

• Advantages: In vitro telomere/telomerase and chromatin signatures; small, defined peptide (AEDG) amenable to synthesis and labeling; preclinical hints at pineal-circadian and redox modulation. PubMed+2PubMed+2

• Disadvantages: Unknown primary receptor, limited independent replication, paucity of modern human trials, and difficulty generalizing epithalamin findings to a single tetrapeptide.

Research category placement

• Falls within bioregulatory peptide research intersecting telomere biology, chromatin state/epigenetics, circadian–pineal physiology, and aging models.

Research Highlights

• Telomerase/telomere in human cells: Multiple studies report hTERT induction, telomerase activation, and telomere lengthening in human fibroblasts; Epithalon-treated cells exceeded the Hayflick limit by ~10 doublings in one report (in vitro only). PubMed+1

• Circadian/pineal modulation: In aged rhesus monkeys, Epithalon increased nocturnal melatonin and shifted cortisol rhythmicity; in elderly humans, epithalamin modulated melatonin depending on baseline function. PubMed+1

• Lifespan models: Drosophila lifespan extension and rat tumor/lifespan effects under lighting stressors have been reported, though inter-lab replication is limited. PubMed+1

• Conflicting evidence / critical reviews: Independent reviews emphasize that most positive findings originate from a small number of groups and that independent replications—especially in humans—are largely absent to date. Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation

Potential Research Applications (no clinical claims; research-use framing)

• Cellular aging platforms: Use AEDG as a tool compound to probe telomere maintenance, hTERT regulation, and chromatin dynamics in human primary cells and organoids. PubMed+1

• Circadian–pineal physiology: Explore pineal responses and clock gene expression in aged model organisms/organotypic cultures; compare with melatonin and caloric-restriction paradigms. PubMed+1

• Redox/EMT pathways: Investigate antioxidant and anti-EMT signatures in epithelial and neural cell types under metabolic stress (e.g., high glucose), extending recent ARPE-19 findings to primary human tissues. SpringerLink

• Systems geroscience: Combine telomere/epigenetic readouts with transcriptomic and proteomic profiling to map dose–response and time-course effects (in vitro/in vivo).

Safety & Toxicology

Preclinical toxicology

• GLP-style repeat-dose, reproductive, carcinogenicity, and safety pharmacology packages for Epithalon could not be located in indexed literature (Not established). Study-level reports do not highlight major acute toxicities at investigative exposures in animals.

Molecular/theoretical risks

• Oncogenic signaling risk: Any agent that up-regulates telomerase could, in theory, promote immortalization in susceptible cells. In vitro findings must therefore be interpreted cautiously, especially in oncology-adjacentcontexts. (No direct human oncogenicity data.)

• Immunogenicity: As a tetrapeptide, immunogenic risk is lower than with larger proteins, but repeated exposures can still provoke immune recognition; datasets for AEDG are Not established.

Human safety observations

• Epithalamin studies reported acceptable tolerability in elderly cohorts, yet by contemporary standards sample sizes are small, follow-up limited, and adverse event capture incomplete. Robust, modern human safety data for Epithalon remain Not established. PubMed

Data gaps

• PK in humans, BBB transfer, drug–drug interactions, long-term human safety, and on-target/off-target risk profiling are Not established.

Limitations & Controversies

• Receptor and genetics: No unique receptor or precursor gene for AEDG has been validated in vivo (Unknown), complicating target-based pharmacology.

• Replication: A large fraction of the positive literature stems from one research network; independent confirmation (especially outside the region of origin and in modern multicenter formats) is limited. Reviews for researchers (e.g., ADDF) explicitly caution about the replication gap. Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation

• Translation: Despite decades of preclinical work, no modern Phase II/III Epithalon RCTs have established efficacy or safety for clinical endpoints in humans.

Future Directions

• Independent replication: Repeat telomerase/telomere findings in primary human cells and non-transformed tissues across independent labs with blinded protocols and standardized assays. PubMed

• Target de-orphaning: Apply display libraries, chemoproteomics, and single-cell transcriptomics/proteomics to identify binding partners, transporters, or receptors.

• Mechanistic integration: Map AEDG effects across epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome; interrogate clock gene networks and pineal outputs in aged models.

• Translational readiness: If preclinical signals are independently confirmed, design registered, pre-specified Phase I safety/PK studies to establish exposure–response and biomarker effects (e.g., nocturnal melatonin, circadian metrics, blood telomere dynamics), followed by adequately powered RCTs where justified.

References

Telomere/telomerase & chromatin

1. Khavinson VK, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA. Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2003;135(6):590–592. doi:10.1023/A:1025493705728. PMID: 12937682. PubMed

2. Khavinson VK, et al. Peptide promotes overcoming of the division limit in human somatic cells (fibroblasts surpassing Hayflick limit with telomere elongation). Bull Exp Biol Med. 2004. PMID: 15455129. PubMed

3. Al-Dulaimi S, et al. Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity. Biogerontology. 2025. doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10315-x. PMID: 40908429; PMCID: PMC12411320(author-archived). PubMed+1

Pineal/circadian physiology
4) Goncharova ND, et al. Regulatory effect of Epithalon on melatonin and cortisol in old monkeys (rhesus). Bull Exp Biol Med. 2001. PMID: 11550036. (Investigational regimen used in study.) PubMed
5) Goncharova ND, et al. Pineal peptides restore age-related disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism in rhesus monkeys—Epithalon increased basal night melatonin and improved glucose/insulin readouts in old monkeys. J Pineal Res. 2005. PMID: 15664732. (Investigational regimen used in study.) PubMed
6) Korkushko OV, et al. Effect of epithalamin on circadian melatonin in elderly subjects—modulatory effects depending on baseline pineal activity. Adv Gerontol. 2004. PMID: 15452611. (Investigational course used in study.) PubMed
7) Roth GS, et al. Age-related melatonin decline in rhesus monkeys; CR preserves melatonin rhythms (context for circadian aging). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3292–3295. PMID: 11443203. PubMed

Longevity & tumorigenesis models
8) Anisimov VN, et al. Pineal peptide preparation epithalamin increases the lifespan in flies, mice, and rats; mortality metrics. Mech Ageing Dev. 1998. PMID: 9701766. PubMed
9) Anisimov VN, et al. Effect of epithalamin on lifespan & melatonin in old rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992. PMID: 1485734. PubMed
10) Vinogradova IA, et al. Effect of AEDG (Epithalon) on lifespan and spontaneous tumors in female rats under different illumination regimes. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2007. PMID: 18856211. PubMed
11) Khavinson VK, et al. Epithalon increases lifespan in Drosophila. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2000. PMID: 11087911. PubMed

Antioxidant/EMT & related
12) Kozina LS, et al. Antioxidant properties of geroprotective pineal peptides (epithalamin, epitalon). Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2007. doi:10.1016/S0167-4943(07)00030-1. ScienceDirect
13) Gatta M, et al. Epitalon enhances delayed wound healing in hyperglycemia-injured ARPE-19 cells (anti-EMT/anti-fibrosis effects). Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2025. doi:10.1007/s12015-025-10911-x. SpringerLink

Critical/overview sources
14) Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF) – Epithalamin/Epithalon Cognitive Vitality for Researchers(evidence synthesis; notes limited independent replication). 2020. (White-paper style review with primary citations.) Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation
15) Araj SK, et al. Overview of Epitalon—bioactive pineal tetrapeptide (AEDG) (2025 review). Int J Mol Sci.2025;26(6):2691. PMID: 40141333; PMCID: PMC11943447. PubMed+1

Notes on investigational amounts:
• Human fibroblasts, in vitro: micromolar AEDG exposures driving hTERT/telomerase/telomere changes—investigational concentrations used in studies Khavinson 2003/2004. PubMed+1
• Rhesus monkeys: Epithalon was administered parenterally with endocrine endpoints (melatonin, cortisol, glucose/insulin)—investigational regimens used in studies Goncharova 2001/2005. PubMed+1
• Rodents/flies: species-specific AEDG/epithalamin exposures under defined paradigms—investigational doses used in Anisimov 1992/1998; Vinogradova 2007; Khavinson 2000. PubMed+2PubMed+2

⚠️ Disclaimer This peptide is intended strictly for laboratory research use. It is not FDA-approved or authorized for human use, consumption, or therapeutic application.